Avaliação bacteriológica, virológica e físico-química da água fornecida a população de Macapá pelo sistema de abastecimento público da Companhia de Água e Esgoto do Amapá

Abstract

In Brazil, the quality control of the water distributed through the supply systems has been done through the physical-chemical evaluation and bacteria of the coliform group. However, other pathogenic microorganisms are associated with waterborne diseases and have not been efficiently eliminated from the supply water through conventional treatment. Among enteric microorganisms, adenoviruses and rotaviruses are present in the environment and pose a great risk to the health of the population. The city of Macapá because it currently has one of the worst rates of sewage collection and treatment, and because it has an old water treatment system, causes concern because of the imminent risk of water contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the water collected and distributed in the city of Macapá-AP, evaluating the physico-chemical, bacteriological and virological parameters. The method for investigating the physico-chemical parameters was according to the Methods standard, the bacteriological was done by the filtering membrane and the viruses (adenovirus and rotavirus) were identified by the concentration method, using the non-polarized membrane adsorption-elution technique, followed of the nucleic acid extraction by the Mini RTP Kit (Stratec Molecular) and the conventional PCR. The method was applied in samples of water from the Amazon River, prior to treatment, and in the samples at the exits of the treated water distribution reservoirs provided by Companhia de Água de Macapá-AP, in 14 points during the months of December 2015 to September 2016, totaling 91 samples. The samples examined revealed a situation of non-compliance with the Ministry of Health legislation for the physico-chemical parameters (turbidity, apparent color and pH), as well as for the presence of adenovirus and rotavirus type coliforms and virus particles, both in the river and in some Samples of the distribution network. Regarding viral positivity, the samples revealed 29.67% (27/91) of positivity. The most frequent virus was adenovirus-AdV, which represented 70.37% (19/27) of the positive samples, with rotavirus-Rv representing 29.63% (8/27). Surface water showed a higher positivity 94.51% (22/27) and distribution network 5.49% (5/27). The molecular analysis technique employed in the evaluation of the water quality in this study diagnosed high circulation of these pathogens in the water of the mouth of the Amazon River captured by CAESA. The detection of the pathogens (viruses and bacteria) for these samples indicates that public water supplied by CAESA is not in accordance with the legal drinking standards recommended by the Ministry of Health, and should receive appropriate treatments and intensified monitoring so that it does not present contamination by these and other pathogens. The present study transcends importance because it contributed to the training of human resources in the area of molecular biology aimed at the monitoring of water quality and basic sanitation in the state of Amapá and the effective contribution to the database of the Ministry of Environment and Secretariats of Health, where they can assist in the implementation of public and environmental health policies