Perfil cromatográfico das variantes paraense e amapaense de Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen e avaliação da atividade bactericida e antibiofilme frente ao Streptococcus mutans

Abstract

Introduction: Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen, popularly known as Jambu, is a plant widely consumed in the Brazilian Amazon region, used in traditional medicine as a preventive measure for dental caries and in the treatment for odontalgias. Of multifactorial origin, the main provider of caries is Streptococcus mutans, a biofilm forming bacterium, responsible for the formation of a vast extracellular product generated from the metabolism of sucrose. It controls occurs through the use of mechanical and chemical agents with antimicrobial action, as well as in reducing the intake of sugars. Objective: Determine the chromatographic profile of the aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of the Pará and Amapá variants of Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen and evaluate in vitro its bactericidal and antibiofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Aqueous extracts of the leaves and hydroalcoholic extracts (70%) of the leaves and stems of the two regional variations were obtained, all were qualified and sesmi-quantified by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the 96-well plate microdilution method and a biofilm viability test against Streptococcus mutans were performed. Results: The aqueous extracts showed a better overall yield compared to hydroalcoholic, the samples of aqueous leaves extract of Amapá (EBA FolAP) and Pará (EBA FolPA) variations obtained an overall yield of 41.1% and 84.8% respectively, values 1.6 and 5.3 times higher than the same plant part in a hydroalcoholic solvent. On the other hand, the hydroalcoholic solvent ensured a batter spilanthol extraction. The hydroalcoholic samples of leaves (EBE FolPA) (99.97%) and stem (EBE CauPA) (98.83%) from Pará, as well as leaves (EBE FolAP) (96,10%) and stem (EBE CauAP) (99,17%) of Amapá regional variation, showed higher spilanthol percentages when compared to EBA FolPA (93,98%) and EBA FolAP (96,10%). The samples with the highest spilanthol concentration (EBE FolPA and EBE CauAP) were selected for antimicrobial assays. Microbiological tests showed that both samples had MIC and MBC of 125 µg/mL against S. mutans. In the antibiofilm assay, the EBE FolPA sample at 500 µg/mL showed a similar inhibition (p>0.05) to chlorhexidine digluconate. Conclusion: The EBE FolPA and EBE CauAP, at the tested concentrations, showed a significant inhibitory and bactericidal activity against S. mutans, in addition to a considerable antibiofilm action, given the EBE FolPA sample, a similar activity to chlorhexidine digluconate. New studies about the action of these extracts against multispecies biofilms, and ex-vivo tests are necessary to ensure their use in the prevention and treatment of dental caries.