Aplicação de técnicas de aerofotogrametria e vetorização no planejamento de áreas de expansão urbana. Estudo de caso: novos bairros no município de Oiapoque/AP

Abstract

This study presents a multitemporal and spatial analysis of urban expansion across the extension areas of five neighborhoods in the municipality of Oiapoque, Amapá, a region characterized by significant socio-environmental vulnerabilities. The primary objective was to analyze the dynamics of unplanned urban growth and quantify direct anthropogenic impacts, utilizing digital photogrammetry and geoprocessing tools as essential supports for territorial planning. The methodology was based on the processing of imagery captured by Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) using Agisoft Metashape© software, which generated a dense point cloud, orthomosaics, and Digital Terrain and Surface Models (DTM and DSM). The processing stage required meticulous human intervention for outlier detection and filtering, ensuring the altimetric integrity of the models. Subsequently, land-use features identified in a main orthomosaic were vectorized in QGIS© software to extract quantitative data regarding the advancement of the urban footprint. The results indicated a suppression of 80.3% of native vegetation within the altered area, along with 662 unplanned housing units and 341 new residences currently under construction. It was also verified that irregular cut-and-fill operations altered the micro-relief and natural drainage, adversely affecting urban mobility and the safety of local infrastructure. This study concludes that the integrated use of RPAs and GIS is a tool capable of overcoming the scarcity of official geographic data in isolated municipalities, providing cartographic bases with resolutions superior to conventional satellite imagery. These geotechnologies proved to be invaluable elements for informing civil engineering interventions, mitigating environmental risks, and guiding public policies focused on the universalization of basic infrastructure.